Areas of Expertise
Depression
Most of us have experienced depression at various points during our lives. The death of a family member evokes one of the most common depressions. Another common depression is associated with changing seasons. Many people find that the have less energy during the winter and are inclined to sleep more. For some, seasonal variation in activity is accompanied by feelings of sadness, a less optimistic outlook and a tendency to be less sociable. Referred to as Reactive depression, this form of depression is frequently passed through, not requiring intervention. However, some people find that the periods of depression are long lasting and appear to be reasonless.
There is a risk for developing depression when there is a family history, indicating that a biological vulnerability can be inherited. However, not everyone with a genetic vulnerability develops the illness. Apparently additional factors, possibly a stressful environment and other psychosocial factors, are involved in the onset of depression.
Psychological makeup also plays a role in vulnerability to depression. People who have low self-esteem, who consistently view themselves and the world with pessimism, or who are readily overwhelmed by stress are prone to depression. A serious loss, chronic illness, difficult relationship, financial problem, or any unwelcome change in life patterns may also trigger a depressive episode.
Not everyone experiences the following symptoms. Some people may experience a few and others may experience many. Severity of symptoms varies with individuals.
- Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood
- Feelings of hopelessness, pessimism
- Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, helplessness
- Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities that were once enjoyed, including sex
- Insomnia, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping
- Appetite and/or weight loss or overeating and weight gain
- Decreased energy, fatigue, being "slowed down"
- Thoughts of death or suicide, suicide attempt
- Restlessness, irritability
- Difficulty concentrating, remembering, making decisions
- Persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment, such as headaches, digestive disorders, and chronic pain
Psychotherapy has proven very effective for working with sufferers of depression. In the therapeutic relationship, the psychotherapist offers the client an opportunity to talk about his or her thought processes and feelings. Exploring the thoughts of concern during periods of depression often reveals unresolved grief, guilt or unrealistic ambitions.
Psychotherapy also provides the opportunity to give attention to the client’s social and psychological environment. Clients are helped to recognize and consolidate therapeutic gains and develop ways to identify and counter recurrent depressive symptoms.